diff --git a/gpu/headless/headless.go b/gpu/headless/headless.go
index a9b9e344..859fdef3 100644
--- a/gpu/headless/headless.go
+++ b/gpu/headless/headless.go
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ func (w *Window) Release() {
 func (w *Window) Frame(frame *op.Ops) error {
 	return contextDo(w.ctx, func() error {
 		w.dev.BindFramebuffer(w.fbo)
-		w.gpu.Clear(color.NRGBA{A: 0xff, R: 0xff, G: 0xff, B: 0xff})
+		w.gpu.Clear(color.NRGBA{})
 		w.gpu.Collect(w.size, frame)
 		return w.gpu.Frame()
 	})
diff --git a/gpu/headless/headless_test.go b/gpu/headless/headless_test.go
index 516ea0b9..eee55232 100644
--- a/gpu/headless/headless_test.go
+++ b/gpu/headless/headless_test.go
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ func TestClipping(t *testing.T) {
 			t.Fatal(err)
 		}
 	}
-	bg := color.NRGBA{A: 0xff, R: 0xff, G: 0xff, B: 0xff}
+	var bg color.NRGBA
 	tests := []struct {
 		x, y  int
 		color color.NRGBA
diff --git a/gpu/internal/rendertest/clip_test.go b/gpu/internal/rendertest/clip_test.go
index c8d73508..c98839d4 100644
--- a/gpu/internal/rendertest/clip_test.go
+++ b/gpu/internal/rendertest/clip_test.go
@@ -19,8 +19,8 @@ func TestPaintRect(t *testing.T) {
 	}, func(r result) {
 		r.expect(0, 0, colornames.Red)
 		r.expect(49, 0, colornames.Red)
-		r.expect(50, 0, colornames.White)
-		r.expect(10, 50, colornames.White)
+		r.expect(50, 0, transparent)
+		r.expect(10, 50, transparent)
 	})
 }
 
@@ -29,11 +29,11 @@ func TestPaintClippedRect(t *testing.T) {
 		clip.RRect{Rect: f32.Rect(25, 25, 60, 60)}.Add(o)
 		paint.FillShape(o, red, clip.Rect(image.Rect(0, 0, 50, 50)).Op())
 	}, func(r result) {
-		r.expect(0, 0, colornames.White)
-		r.expect(24, 35, colornames.White)
+		r.expect(0, 0, transparent)
+		r.expect(24, 35, transparent)
 		r.expect(25, 35, colornames.Red)
-		r.expect(50, 0, colornames.White)
-		r.expect(10, 50, colornames.White)
+		r.expect(50, 0, transparent)
+		r.expect(10, 50, transparent)
 	})
 }
 
@@ -44,9 +44,9 @@ func TestPaintClippedCircle(t *testing.T) {
 		clip.Rect(image.Rect(0, 0, 30, 50)).Add(o)
 		paint.Fill(o, red)
 	}, func(r result) {
-		r.expect(21, 21, colornames.White)
+		r.expect(21, 21, transparent)
 		r.expect(25, 30, colornames.Red)
-		r.expect(31, 30, colornames.White)
+		r.expect(31, 30, transparent)
 	})
 }
 
@@ -76,9 +76,9 @@ func TestPaintArc(t *testing.T) {
 
 		paint.FillShape(o, red, clip.Rect(image.Rect(0, 0, 128, 128)).Op())
 	}, func(r result) {
-		r.expect(0, 0, colornames.White)
+		r.expect(0, 0, transparent)
 		r.expect(0, 25, colornames.Red)
-		r.expect(0, 15, colornames.White)
+		r.expect(0, 15, transparent)
 	})
 }
 
@@ -98,10 +98,10 @@ func TestPaintAbsolute(t *testing.T) {
 
 		paint.FillShape(o, red, clip.Rect(image.Rect(0, 0, 128, 128)).Op())
 	}, func(r result) {
-		r.expect(0, 0, colornames.White)
+		r.expect(0, 0, transparent)
 		r.expect(30, 30, colornames.Red)
-		r.expect(79, 79, colornames.White)
-		r.expect(90, 90, colornames.White)
+		r.expect(79, 79, transparent)
+		r.expect(90, 90, transparent)
 	})
 }
 
@@ -113,8 +113,8 @@ func TestPaintTexture(t *testing.T) {
 	}, func(r result) {
 		r.expect(0, 0, colornames.Blue)
 		r.expect(79, 10, colornames.Green)
-		r.expect(80, 0, colornames.White)
-		r.expect(10, 80, colornames.White)
+		r.expect(80, 0, transparent)
+		r.expect(10, 80, transparent)
 	})
 }
 
@@ -158,7 +158,7 @@ func TestPaintClippedTexture(t *testing.T) {
 		scale(80.0/512, 80.0/512).Add(o)
 		paint.PaintOp{}.Add(o)
 	}, func(r result) {
-		r.expect(40, 40, colornames.White)
+		r.expect(40, 40, transparent)
 		r.expect(25, 35, colornames.Blue)
 	})
 }
@@ -177,7 +177,7 @@ func TestStrokedPathBevelFlat(t *testing.T) {
 
 		paint.Fill(o, red)
 	}, func(r result) {
-		r.expect(0, 0, colornames.White)
+		r.expect(0, 0, transparent)
 		r.expect(10, 50, colornames.Red)
 	})
 }
@@ -196,7 +196,7 @@ func TestStrokedPathBevelRound(t *testing.T) {
 
 		paint.Fill(o, red)
 	}, func(r result) {
-		r.expect(0, 0, colornames.White)
+		r.expect(0, 0, transparent)
 		r.expect(10, 50, colornames.Red)
 	})
 }
@@ -215,7 +215,7 @@ func TestStrokedPathBevelSquare(t *testing.T) {
 
 		paint.Fill(o, red)
 	}, func(r result) {
-		r.expect(0, 0, colornames.White)
+		r.expect(0, 0, transparent)
 		r.expect(10, 50, colornames.Red)
 	})
 }
@@ -234,7 +234,7 @@ func TestStrokedPathRoundRound(t *testing.T) {
 
 		paint.Fill(o, red)
 	}, func(r result) {
-		r.expect(0, 0, colornames.White)
+		r.expect(0, 0, transparent)
 		r.expect(10, 50, colornames.Red)
 	})
 }
@@ -272,7 +272,7 @@ func TestStrokedPathFlatMiter(t *testing.T) {
 		}
 
 	}, func(r result) {
-		r.expect(0, 0, colornames.White)
+		r.expect(0, 0, transparent)
 		r.expect(40, 10, colornames.Black)
 		r.expect(40, 12, colornames.Red)
 	})
@@ -311,7 +311,7 @@ func TestStrokedPathFlatMiterInf(t *testing.T) {
 		}
 
 	}, func(r result) {
-		r.expect(0, 0, colornames.White)
+		r.expect(0, 0, transparent)
 		r.expect(40, 10, colornames.Black)
 		r.expect(40, 12, colornames.Red)
 	})
@@ -353,10 +353,10 @@ func TestStrokedPathZeroWidth(t *testing.T) {
 		}
 
 	}, func(r result) {
-		r.expect(0, 0, colornames.White)
+		r.expect(0, 0, transparent)
 		r.expect(10, 50, colornames.Black)
 		r.expect(30, 50, colornames.Black)
-		r.expect(65, 50, colornames.White)
+		r.expect(65, 50, transparent)
 	})
 }
 
@@ -406,7 +406,7 @@ func TestDashedPathFlatCapEllipse(t *testing.T) {
 		}
 
 	}, func(r result) {
-		r.expect(0, 0, colornames.White)
+		r.expect(0, 0, transparent)
 		r.expect(0, 62, colornames.Red)
 		r.expect(0, 65, colornames.Black)
 	})
@@ -451,10 +451,10 @@ func TestDashedPathFlatCapZ(t *testing.T) {
 			stk.Load()
 		}
 	}, func(r result) {
-		r.expect(0, 0, colornames.White)
+		r.expect(0, 0, transparent)
 		r.expect(40, 10, colornames.Black)
 		r.expect(40, 12, colornames.Red)
-		r.expect(46, 12, colornames.White)
+		r.expect(46, 12, transparent)
 	})
 }
 
@@ -494,7 +494,7 @@ func TestDashedPathFlatCapZNoDash(t *testing.T) {
 			stk.Load()
 		}
 	}, func(r result) {
-		r.expect(0, 0, colornames.White)
+		r.expect(0, 0, transparent)
 		r.expect(40, 10, colornames.Black)
 		r.expect(40, 12, colornames.Red)
 		r.expect(46, 12, colornames.Red)
@@ -536,10 +536,10 @@ func TestDashedPathFlatCapZNoPath(t *testing.T) {
 			stk.Load()
 		}
 	}, func(r result) {
-		r.expect(0, 0, colornames.White)
+		r.expect(0, 0, transparent)
 		r.expect(40, 10, colornames.Black)
-		r.expect(40, 12, colornames.White)
-		r.expect(46, 12, colornames.White)
+		r.expect(40, 12, transparent)
+		r.expect(46, 12, transparent)
 	})
 }
 
diff --git a/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestBuildOffscreen.png b/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestBuildOffscreen.png
index 9ed91358..fb50427e 100644
Binary files a/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestBuildOffscreen.png and b/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestBuildOffscreen.png differ
diff --git a/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestBuildOffscreen_1.png b/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestBuildOffscreen_1.png
index 88134115..8ff717ba 100644
Binary files a/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestBuildOffscreen_1.png and b/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestBuildOffscreen_1.png differ
diff --git a/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestClipOffset.png b/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestClipOffset.png
index 59371e42..6396fb4f 100644
Binary files a/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestClipOffset.png and b/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestClipOffset.png differ
diff --git a/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestClipPaintOffset.png b/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestClipPaintOffset.png
index f9988440..0fe37e6f 100644
Binary files a/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestClipPaintOffset.png and b/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestClipPaintOffset.png differ
diff --git a/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestClipRotate.png b/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestClipRotate.png
index e6c0e4e5..e6c15e33 100644
Binary files a/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestClipRotate.png and b/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestClipRotate.png differ
diff --git a/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestClipScale.png b/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestClipScale.png
index 59371e42..6396fb4f 100644
Binary files a/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestClipScale.png and b/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestClipScale.png differ
diff --git a/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestComplicatedTransform.png b/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestComplicatedTransform.png
index c1f3aeb9..4a92e3c7 100644
Binary files a/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestComplicatedTransform.png and b/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestComplicatedTransform.png differ
diff --git a/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestDashedPathFlatCapEllipse.png b/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestDashedPathFlatCapEllipse.png
index 03843489..79bae384 100644
Binary files a/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestDashedPathFlatCapEllipse.png and b/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestDashedPathFlatCapEllipse.png differ
diff --git a/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestDashedPathFlatCapZ.png b/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestDashedPathFlatCapZ.png
index 10695941..12212e99 100644
Binary files a/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestDashedPathFlatCapZ.png and b/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestDashedPathFlatCapZ.png differ
diff --git a/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestDashedPathFlatCapZNoDash.png b/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestDashedPathFlatCapZNoDash.png
index 23a13c3b..d315f0f8 100644
Binary files a/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestDashedPathFlatCapZNoDash.png and b/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestDashedPathFlatCapZNoDash.png differ
diff --git a/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestDashedPathFlatCapZNoPath.png b/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestDashedPathFlatCapZNoPath.png
index 35158fc4..94c160ef 100644
Binary files a/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestDashedPathFlatCapZNoPath.png and b/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestDashedPathFlatCapZNoPath.png differ
diff --git a/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestDeferredPaint.png b/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestDeferredPaint.png
index 1446810f..b562f12a 100644
Binary files a/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestDeferredPaint.png and b/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestDeferredPaint.png differ
diff --git a/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestDepthOverlap.png b/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestDepthOverlap.png
index 6c5d9980..9d416b9f 100644
Binary files a/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestDepthOverlap.png and b/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestDepthOverlap.png differ
diff --git a/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestLinearGradient.png b/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestLinearGradient.png
deleted file mode 100644
index e6cb0946..00000000
Binary files a/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestLinearGradient.png and /dev/null differ
diff --git a/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestLinearGradientAngled.png b/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestLinearGradientAngled.png
index 4665fc65..3ba0734c 100644
Binary files a/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestLinearGradientAngled.png and b/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestLinearGradientAngled.png differ
diff --git a/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestNegativeOverlaps.png b/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestNegativeOverlaps.png
index 9ed91358..fb50427e 100644
Binary files a/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestNegativeOverlaps.png and b/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestNegativeOverlaps.png differ
diff --git a/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestNoClipFromPaint.png b/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestNoClipFromPaint.png
index b382f873..e774064b 100644
Binary files a/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestNoClipFromPaint.png and b/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestNoClipFromPaint.png differ
diff --git a/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestOffsetScaleTexture.png b/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestOffsetScaleTexture.png
index 47df5779..515a4d24 100644
Binary files a/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestOffsetScaleTexture.png and b/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestOffsetScaleTexture.png differ
diff --git a/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestOffsetTexture.png b/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestOffsetTexture.png
index f8d8e6fb..87386e88 100644
Binary files a/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestOffsetTexture.png and b/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestOffsetTexture.png differ
diff --git a/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestPaintAbsolute.png b/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestPaintAbsolute.png
index f8680aac..dd097607 100644
Binary files a/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestPaintAbsolute.png and b/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestPaintAbsolute.png differ
diff --git a/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestPaintArc.png b/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestPaintArc.png
index 8ffb300e..f432914f 100644
Binary files a/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestPaintArc.png and b/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestPaintArc.png differ
diff --git a/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestPaintClippedBorder.png b/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestPaintClippedBorder.png
deleted file mode 100644
index eb866d2c..00000000
Binary files a/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestPaintClippedBorder.png and /dev/null differ
diff --git a/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestPaintClippedCircle.png b/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestPaintClippedCircle.png
index 9aa298e9..bdf1fced 100644
Binary files a/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestPaintClippedCircle.png and b/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestPaintClippedCircle.png differ
diff --git a/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestPaintClippedCirle.png b/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestPaintClippedCirle.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 9aa298e9..00000000
Binary files a/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestPaintClippedCirle.png and /dev/null differ
diff --git a/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestPaintClippedRect.png b/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestPaintClippedRect.png
index 4bd3e5cb..c1dd7a0a 100644
Binary files a/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestPaintClippedRect.png and b/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestPaintClippedRect.png differ
diff --git a/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestPaintClippedTexture.png b/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestPaintClippedTexture.png
index ee95e5b8..ae0e0661 100644
Binary files a/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestPaintClippedTexture.png and b/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestPaintClippedTexture.png differ
diff --git a/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestPaintOffset.png b/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestPaintOffset.png
index aa5d7d8f..82394d57 100644
Binary files a/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestPaintOffset.png and b/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestPaintOffset.png differ
diff --git a/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestPaintRect.png b/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestPaintRect.png
index 0195a6be..f942601f 100644
Binary files a/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestPaintRect.png and b/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestPaintRect.png differ
diff --git a/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestPaintRotate.png b/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestPaintRotate.png
index 4cf9c851..fe15d7dc 100644
Binary files a/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestPaintRotate.png and b/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestPaintRotate.png differ
diff --git a/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestPaintShear.png b/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestPaintShear.png
index 0a7d553c..6d1a4c92 100644
Binary files a/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestPaintShear.png and b/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestPaintShear.png differ
diff --git a/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestPaintTexture.png b/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestPaintTexture.png
index 33feacd3..91202317 100644
Binary files a/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestPaintTexture.png and b/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestPaintTexture.png differ
diff --git a/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestRepeatedPaintsZ.png b/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestRepeatedPaintsZ.png
index 1da62245..da201dca 100644
Binary files a/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestRepeatedPaintsZ.png and b/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestRepeatedPaintsZ.png differ
diff --git a/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestReuseStencil.png b/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestReuseStencil.png
index 7ea05a00..349db1fc 100644
Binary files a/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestReuseStencil.png and b/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestReuseStencil.png differ
diff --git a/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestRotateClipTexture.png b/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestRotateClipTexture.png
index 8cd211d4..56c3182a 100644
Binary files a/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestRotateClipTexture.png and b/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestRotateClipTexture.png differ
diff --git a/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestRotateTexture.png b/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestRotateTexture.png
index 874e8384..e56c9725 100644
Binary files a/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestRotateTexture.png and b/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestRotateTexture.png differ
diff --git a/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestStrokedPathBevelFlat.png b/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestStrokedPathBevelFlat.png
index 861b57f7..9d442f5a 100644
Binary files a/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestStrokedPathBevelFlat.png and b/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestStrokedPathBevelFlat.png differ
diff --git a/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestStrokedPathBevelRound.png b/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestStrokedPathBevelRound.png
index 36ba27a2..a37235cc 100644
Binary files a/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestStrokedPathBevelRound.png and b/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestStrokedPathBevelRound.png differ
diff --git a/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestStrokedPathBevelSquare.png b/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestStrokedPathBevelSquare.png
index 597cd496..8d2919d3 100644
Binary files a/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestStrokedPathBevelSquare.png and b/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestStrokedPathBevelSquare.png differ
diff --git a/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestStrokedPathFlatMiter.png b/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestStrokedPathFlatMiter.png
index 7ad77e3a..ae6472a7 100644
Binary files a/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestStrokedPathFlatMiter.png and b/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestStrokedPathFlatMiter.png differ
diff --git a/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestStrokedPathFlatMiterInf.png b/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestStrokedPathFlatMiterInf.png
index 23a13c3b..d315f0f8 100644
Binary files a/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestStrokedPathFlatMiterInf.png and b/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestStrokedPathFlatMiterInf.png differ
diff --git a/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestStrokedPathRoundRound.png b/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestStrokedPathRoundRound.png
index da3be5f0..8ef5a942 100644
Binary files a/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestStrokedPathRoundRound.png and b/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestStrokedPathRoundRound.png differ
diff --git a/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestStrokedPathZeroWidth.png b/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestStrokedPathZeroWidth.png
index 1d47f68d..0fc6fe87 100644
Binary files a/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestStrokedPathZeroWidth.png and b/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestStrokedPathZeroWidth.png differ
diff --git a/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestTexturedStroke.png b/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestTexturedStroke.png
index c7f94431..637c9329 100644
Binary files a/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestTexturedStroke.png and b/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestTexturedStroke.png differ
diff --git a/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestTexturedStrokeClipped.png b/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestTexturedStrokeClipped.png
index c7f94431..637c9329 100644
Binary files a/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestTexturedStrokeClipped.png and b/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestTexturedStrokeClipped.png differ
diff --git a/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestTransformMacro.png b/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestTransformMacro.png
index 07570593..a9cce29f 100644
Binary files a/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestTransformMacro.png and b/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestTransformMacro.png differ
diff --git a/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestTransformOrder.png b/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestTransformOrder.png
index 27c91fb0..720ca3c7 100644
Binary files a/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestTransformOrder.png and b/gpu/internal/rendertest/refs/TestTransformOrder.png differ
diff --git a/gpu/internal/rendertest/render_test.go b/gpu/internal/rendertest/render_test.go
index 3e027eb3..027dfc61 100644
--- a/gpu/internal/rendertest/render_test.go
+++ b/gpu/internal/rendertest/render_test.go
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ func TestTransformMacro(t *testing.T) {
 	}, func(r result) {
 		r.expect(5, 15, colornames.Red)
 		r.expect(15, 15, colornames.Black)
-		r.expect(11, 51, colornames.White)
+		r.expect(11, 51, transparent)
 	})
 }
 
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ func TestRepeatedPaintsZ(t *testing.T) {
 	}, func(r result) {
 		r.expect(5, 5, colornames.Red)
 		r.expect(11, 15, colornames.Black)
-		r.expect(11, 51, colornames.White)
+		r.expect(11, 51, transparent)
 	})
 }
 
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ func TestNoClipFromPaint(t *testing.T) {
 		r.expect(1, 1, colornames.Black)
 		r.expect(20, 20, colornames.Black)
 		r.expect(49, 49, colornames.Black)
-		r.expect(51, 51, colornames.White)
+		r.expect(51, 51, transparent)
 	})
 }
 
@@ -197,16 +197,16 @@ func TestBuildOffscreen(t *testing.T) {
 			func(ops *op.Ops) {
 				draw(-100, ops)
 			}, func(r result) {
-				r.expect(5, 5, colornames.White)
-				r.expect(20, 20, colornames.White)
+				r.expect(5, 5, transparent)
+				r.expect(20, 20, transparent)
 			}),
 		frame(
 			func(ops *op.Ops) {
 				draw(0, ops)
 			}, func(r result) {
-				r.expect(2, 2, colornames.White)
+				r.expect(2, 2, transparent)
 				r.expect(20, 20, colornames.Black)
-				r.expect(38, 38, colornames.White)
+				r.expect(38, 38, transparent)
 			}))
 }
 
@@ -216,10 +216,10 @@ func TestNegativeOverlaps(t *testing.T) {
 		clip.Rect(image.Rect(0, 120, 100, 122)).Add(ops)
 		paint.PaintOp{}.Add(ops)
 	}, func(r result) {
-		r.expect(60, 60, colornames.White)
-		r.expect(60, 110, colornames.White)
-		r.expect(60, 120, colornames.White)
-		r.expect(60, 122, colornames.White)
+		r.expect(60, 60, transparent)
+		r.expect(60, 110, transparent)
+		r.expect(60, 120, transparent)
+		r.expect(60, 122, transparent)
 	})
 }
 
diff --git a/gpu/internal/rendertest/transform_test.go b/gpu/internal/rendertest/transform_test.go
index 286ab677..43364b86 100644
--- a/gpu/internal/rendertest/transform_test.go
+++ b/gpu/internal/rendertest/transform_test.go
@@ -18,10 +18,10 @@ func TestPaintOffset(t *testing.T) {
 		op.Offset(f32.Pt(10, 20)).Add(o)
 		paint.FillShape(o, red, clip.Rect(image.Rect(0, 0, 50, 50)).Op())
 	}, func(r result) {
-		r.expect(0, 0, colornames.White)
+		r.expect(0, 0, transparent)
 		r.expect(59, 30, colornames.Red)
-		r.expect(60, 30, colornames.White)
-		r.expect(10, 70, colornames.White)
+		r.expect(60, 30, transparent)
+		r.expect(10, 70, transparent)
 	})
 }
 
@@ -33,8 +33,8 @@ func TestPaintRotate(t *testing.T) {
 	}, func(r result) {
 		r.expect(40, 40, colornames.Red)
 		r.expect(50, 19, colornames.Red)
-		r.expect(59, 19, colornames.White)
-		r.expect(21, 21, colornames.White)
+		r.expect(59, 19, transparent)
+		r.expect(21, 21, transparent)
 	})
 }
 
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ func TestPaintShear(t *testing.T) {
 		op.Affine(a).Add(o)
 		paint.FillShape(o, red, clip.Rect(image.Rect(0, 0, 40, 40)).Op())
 	}, func(r result) {
-		r.expect(10, 30, colornames.White)
+		r.expect(10, 30, transparent)
 	})
 }
 
@@ -54,10 +54,10 @@ func TestClipPaintOffset(t *testing.T) {
 		op.Offset(f32.Pt(20, 20)).Add(o)
 		paint.FillShape(o, red, clip.Rect(image.Rect(0, 0, 100, 100)).Op())
 	}, func(r result) {
-		r.expect(0, 0, colornames.White)
-		r.expect(19, 19, colornames.White)
+		r.expect(0, 0, transparent)
+		r.expect(19, 19, transparent)
 		r.expect(20, 20, colornames.Red)
-		r.expect(30, 30, colornames.White)
+		r.expect(30, 30, transparent)
 	})
 }
 
@@ -67,11 +67,11 @@ func TestClipOffset(t *testing.T) {
 		clip.RRect{Rect: f32.Rect(10, 10, 30, 30)}.Add(o)
 		paint.FillShape(o, red, clip.Rect(image.Rect(0, 0, 100, 100)).Op())
 	}, func(r result) {
-		r.expect(0, 0, colornames.White)
-		r.expect(29, 29, colornames.White)
+		r.expect(0, 0, transparent)
+		r.expect(29, 29, transparent)
 		r.expect(30, 30, colornames.Red)
 		r.expect(49, 49, colornames.Red)
-		r.expect(50, 50, colornames.White)
+		r.expect(50, 50, transparent)
 	})
 }
 
@@ -82,10 +82,10 @@ func TestClipScale(t *testing.T) {
 		clip.RRect{Rect: f32.Rect(10, 10, 20, 20)}.Add(o)
 		paint.FillShape(o, red, clip.Rect(image.Rect(0, 0, 1000, 1000)).Op())
 	}, func(r result) {
-		r.expect(19+10, 19+10, colornames.White)
+		r.expect(19+10, 19+10, transparent)
 		r.expect(20+10, 20+10, colornames.Red)
 		r.expect(39+10, 39+10, colornames.Red)
-		r.expect(40+10, 40+10, colornames.White)
+		r.expect(40+10, 40+10, transparent)
 	})
 }
 
@@ -95,9 +95,9 @@ func TestClipRotate(t *testing.T) {
 		clip.RRect{Rect: f32.Rect(30, 30, 50, 50)}.Add(o)
 		paint.FillShape(o, red, clip.Rect(image.Rect(0, 40, 100, 100)).Op())
 	}, func(r result) {
-		r.expect(39, 39, colornames.White)
+		r.expect(39, 39, transparent)
 		r.expect(41, 41, colornames.Red)
-		r.expect(50, 50, colornames.White)
+		r.expect(50, 50, transparent)
 	})
 }
 
@@ -108,8 +108,8 @@ func TestOffsetTexture(t *testing.T) {
 		scale(50.0/512, 50.0/512).Add(o)
 		paint.PaintOp{}.Add(o)
 	}, func(r result) {
-		r.expect(14, 20, colornames.White)
-		r.expect(66, 20, colornames.White)
+		r.expect(14, 20, transparent)
+		r.expect(66, 20, transparent)
 		r.expect(16, 64, colornames.Green)
 		r.expect(64, 16, colornames.Green)
 	})
@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ func TestOffsetScaleTexture(t *testing.T) {
 		paint.PaintOp{}.Add(o)
 	}, func(r result) {
 		r.expect(114, 64, colornames.Blue)
-		r.expect(116, 64, colornames.White)
+		r.expect(116, 64, transparent)
 	})
 }
 
@@ -152,7 +152,7 @@ func TestRotateClipTexture(t *testing.T) {
 		scale(60.0/512, 60.0/512).Add(o)
 		paint.PaintOp{}.Add(o)
 	}, func(r result) {
-		r.expect(0, 0, colornames.White)
+		r.expect(0, 0, transparent)
 		r.expect(37, 39, colornames.Green)
 		r.expect(36, 39, colornames.Green)
 		r.expect(35, 39, colornames.Green)
@@ -174,7 +174,7 @@ func TestComplicatedTransform(t *testing.T) {
 		scale(50.0/512, 50.0/512).Add(o)
 		paint.PaintOp{}.Add(o)
 	}, func(r result) {
-		r.expect(20, 5, colornames.White)
+		r.expect(20, 5, transparent)
 	})
 }
 
@@ -192,9 +192,9 @@ func TestTransformOrder(t *testing.T) {
 		paint.FillShape(o, red, clip.Rect(image.Rect(0, 0, 20, 20)).Op())
 	}, func(r result) {
 		// centered and with radius 40
-		r.expect(64-41, 64, colornames.White)
+		r.expect(64-41, 64, transparent)
 		r.expect(64-39, 64, colornames.Red)
 		r.expect(64+39, 64, colornames.Red)
-		r.expect(64+41, 64, colornames.White)
+		r.expect(64+41, 64, transparent)
 	})
 }
diff --git a/gpu/internal/rendertest/util_test.go b/gpu/internal/rendertest/util_test.go
index 812963f0..6c5b9731 100644
--- a/gpu/internal/rendertest/util_test.go
+++ b/gpu/internal/rendertest/util_test.go
@@ -31,12 +31,13 @@ var (
 )
 
 var (
-	red     = f32color.RGBAToNRGBA(colornames.Red)
-	green   = f32color.RGBAToNRGBA(colornames.Green)
-	blue    = f32color.RGBAToNRGBA(colornames.Blue)
-	magenta = f32color.RGBAToNRGBA(colornames.Magenta)
-	black   = f32color.RGBAToNRGBA(colornames.Black)
-	white   = f32color.RGBAToNRGBA(colornames.White)
+	red         = f32color.RGBAToNRGBA(colornames.Red)
+	green       = f32color.RGBAToNRGBA(colornames.Green)
+	blue        = f32color.RGBAToNRGBA(colornames.Blue)
+	magenta     = f32color.RGBAToNRGBA(colornames.Magenta)
+	black       = f32color.RGBAToNRGBA(colornames.Black)
+	white       = f32color.RGBAToNRGBA(colornames.White)
+	transparent = color.RGBA{}
 )
 
 func init() {
@@ -163,21 +164,32 @@ func verifyRef(t *testing.T, img *image.RGBA, frame int) (ok bool) {
 		t.Error("could not decode ref:", err)
 		return
 	}
-	ref, ok := r.(*image.RGBA)
-	if !ok {
-		t.Errorf("image is a %T, expected *image.RGBA", r)
-		return
-	}
-	if len(ref.Pix) != len(img.Pix) {
-		t.Error("not equal to ref (len)")
+	if img.Bounds() != r.Bounds() {
+		t.Errorf("reference image is %v, expected %v", r.Bounds(), img.Bounds())
 		return false
 	}
+	var ref *image.RGBA
+	switch r := r.(type) {
+	case *image.RGBA:
+		ref = r
+	case *image.NRGBA:
+		ref = image.NewRGBA(r.Bounds())
+		bnd := r.Bounds()
+		for x := bnd.Min.X; x < bnd.Max.X; x++ {
+			for y := bnd.Min.Y; y < bnd.Max.Y; y++ {
+				ref.SetRGBA(x, y, f32color.NRGBAToRGBA(r.NRGBAAt(x, y)))
+			}
+		}
+	default:
+		t.Fatalf("reference image is a %T, expected *image.NRGBA or *image.RGBA", r)
+	}
 	bnd := img.Bounds()
 	for x := bnd.Min.X; x < bnd.Max.X; x++ {
 		for y := bnd.Min.Y; y < bnd.Max.Y; y++ {
-			c1, c2 := ref.RGBAAt(x, y), img.RGBAAt(x, y)
-			if !colorsClose(c1, c2) {
-				t.Error("not equal to ref at", x, y, " ", c1, c2)
+			exp := ref.RGBAAt(x, y)
+			got := img.RGBAAt(x, y)
+			if !colorsClose(exp, got) {
+				t.Error("not equal to ref at", x, y, " ", got, exp)
 				return false
 			}
 		}
@@ -230,6 +242,7 @@ func yiqEqApprox(c1, c2 color.RGBA, d2 float64) bool {
 }
 
 func (r result) expect(x, y int, col color.RGBA) {
+	r.t.Helper()
 	if r.img == nil {
 		return
 	}
@@ -244,9 +257,17 @@ type result struct {
 	img *image.RGBA
 }
 
-func saveImage(file string, img image.Image) error {
+func saveImage(file string, img *image.RGBA) error {
+	// Only NRGBA images are losslessly encoded by png.Encode.
+	nrgba := image.NewNRGBA(img.Bounds())
+	bnd := img.Bounds()
+	for x := bnd.Min.X; x < bnd.Max.X; x++ {
+		for y := bnd.Min.Y; y < bnd.Max.Y; y++ {
+			nrgba.SetNRGBA(x, y, f32color.RGBAToNRGBA(img.RGBAAt(x, y)))
+		}
+	}
 	var buf bytes.Buffer
-	if err := png.Encode(&buf, img); err != nil {
+	if err := png.Encode(&buf, nrgba); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 	return ioutil.WriteFile(file, buf.Bytes(), 0666)